Well that's a tricky one. I mean, what evidence of discrimination would you expect to see as you walk past office towers? And while the security guards might not have PhDs in business analytics, that's not evidence that they're "only qualified for the security desk."

I suspect very few people have PhDs in business analytics.

But yes, I take your overall point about discriminatory hiring. I've written about the same point with regards to university admissions. Gaps need to be filled much earlier in my opinion.

Waiting until somebody is going to university, or worse, trying to find a job, to address shortfalls will only ever lead to lowered standards for minorities. Which then perpetuates the stereotypes of inferiority that affirmative action practices are meant to fix.

I'd like to see a much more intense focus and investment in young children, their schools, and the neighbourhoods they grow up in. Set them on a path to excellence rather than trying to manufacture it later in the game.